REFERENCES
1. Barth PG. (1987) Disorders of neuronal migration. Can J Neurol Sci 14, 1–16.
2. Sarnat HB. (1987) Disturbances of late neuronal migration in the perinatal period. AJDC 141, 969–980.
3. Aicardi J. (1994) The place of neuronal migration abnormalities in child neurology. Can J Neurol Sci 21, 185–93.
4. Whiting S, Duchowny M. (1999) Clinical spectrum of cortical dysplasia in childhood: diagnosis and treatment issues. J Child Neurol 14, 759–71.
5. Chugani HT, Shewmon DA, Shields WD, Sankar R, Comair Y, Vinters HV, Peacock WJ. (1993) Surgery for intractable infantile spasms: neuroimaging perspectives. Epilepsia 34, 764–71.
6. Meencke HJ, Janz D. (1984) Neuropathological findings in primary generalized epilepsy: a study of eight cases. Epilepsia 25, 8–21.
7. Palmini A, Andermann F, Olivier A, Tampieri D, Robitaille Y. (1991) Focal neuronal migration disorders and intractable partial epilepsy: Results of surgical treatment. Ann Neurol 30, 750–7.
8. Palmini A, Andermann F, Olivier A, Tampieri D, Robitaille Y, Andermann E, Wright G. (1991) Focal neuronal migration disorders and intractable partial epilepsy: A study of 30 patients. Ann Neurol 30, 741–749.
9. Galaburda AM, Kemper TL. (1979) Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia; a case study. Ann Neurol 6, 94–100.
10. Galaburda AM, Sherman GF, Rosen GD, Aboitiz F, Geschwind N. (1985) Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive cases with cortical anomalies. Ann Neurol 18, 222–233.
11. Wiklund LM, Uvebrant P, Flodmark O. (1990) Morphology of cerebral lesions in children with congenital hemiplegia. A study with computed tomography. Neuroradiology 32, 179–86.
12. Miller SP, Shevell M, Rosenblatt B, Silver K, O'Gorman A, Andermann F. (1998) Congenital bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria presenting as congenital hemiplegia. Neurology 50, 1866–9.
13. Takada K, Nakamura H. (1990) Cerebellar micropolygyria in Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy: observations in fetal and pediatric cases. Brain & Development 12, 774–8.
14. Saito Y, Murayama S, Kawai M, Nakano I. (1999) Breached cerebral glia limitans-basal lamina complex in Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 98, 330–6.
15. Kondo-Iida E, Kobayashi K, Watanabe M, Sasaki J, Kumagai T, Koide H, Saito K, Osawa M, Nakamura Y, Toda T. (1999) Novel mutations and genotype-phenotype relationships in 107 families with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD). Hum Mol Genet 8, 2303–9.
16. Tsao CY, Mendell JR, Rusin J, Luquette M. (1998) Congenital muscular dystrophy with complete laminin-alpha2-deficiency, cortical dysplasia, and cerebral white-matter changes in children. J Child Neurol 13, 253–6.
17. Barkovich AJ, Chuang SH, Norman D. (1988) MR of neuronal migration anomalies. Am J Roentgenol 150, 179–87.
18. Jaw TS, Sheu RS, Liu GC, Chou MS. (1998) Magnetic resonance images of neuronal migration anomalies. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih 14, 504–13.
19. Barkovich AJ, Kuzniecky RI, Dobyns WB, Jackson GD, Becker LE, Evrard P. (1996) A classification scheme for malformations of cortical development. Neuropediatrics 27, 59–63.
20. Mischel PS, Nguyen LP, Vinters HV. (1995) Cerebral cortical dysplasia associated with pediatric epilepsy. Review of neuropathologic features and proposal for a grading system. J. Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54, 137–153.
21. Sarnat HB. (1991) Cerebral dysplasias as expressions of altered maturational processes. Can J Neurol Sci 18, 196–204.
22. Reiner O, Carrozzo R, Shen Y, Wehnert M, Faustinella F, Dobyns WB, Caskey CT, Ledbetter DH. (1993) Isolation of a Miller-Dieker lissencephaly gene containing G protein beta-subunit-like repeats. Nature 364, 717–21.
23. Reiner O, Albrecht U, Gordon M, Chianese KA, Wong C, Gal-Gerber O, Sapir T, Siracusa LD, Buchberg AM, Caskey CT, et al. (1995) Lissencephaly gene (LIS1) expression in the CNS suggests a role in neuronal migration. J Neurosci 15, 3730–8.
24. Gleeson JG, Allen KM, Fox JW, Lamperti ED, Berkovic S, Scheffer I, Cooper EC, Dobyns WB, Minnerath SR, Ross ME, Walsh CA. (1998) Doublecortin, a brain-specific gene mutated in human X-linked lissencephaly and double cortex syndrome, encodes a putative signaling protein. Cell 92, 63–72.
25. Gleeson JG, Minnerath SR, Fox JW, Allen KM, Luo RF, Hong SE, Berg MJ, Kuzniecky R, Reitnauer PJ, Borgatti R, Mira AP, Guerrini R, Holmes GL, Rooney CM, Berkovic S, Scheffer I, Cooper EC, Ricci S, Cusmai R, Crawford TO, Leroy R, Andermann E, Wheless JW, Dobyns WB, Walsh CA, et al. (1999) Characterization of mutations in the gene doublecortin in patients with double cortex syndrome [see comments]. Ann Neurol 45, 146–53.
26. des Portes V, Francis F, Pinard JM, Desguerre I, Moutard ML, Snoeck I, Meiners LC, Capron F, Cusmai R, Ricci S, Motte J, Echenne B, Ponsot G, Dulac O, Chelly J, Beldjord C. (1998) doublecortin is the major gene causing X-linked subcortical laminar heterotopia (SCLH). Hum Mol Genet 7, 1063–70.
27. des Portes V, Pinard JM, Billuart P, Vinet MC, Koulakoff A, Carrie A, Gelot A, Dupuis E, Motte J, Berwald-Netter Y, Catala M, Kahn A, Beldjord C, Chelly J. (1998) A novel CNS gene required for neuronal migration and involved in X- linked subcortical laminar heterotopia and lissencephaly syndrome. Cell 92, 51–61.
28. Lyon G, Robain O. (1967) Etude comparative des encéphalopathies circulatoires prénatales et para-natales (hydranencéphalies, porencéphalies et encéphalomalacies kystiques de la substance blanche). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 9, 79–98.
29. McBride MC, Kemper TL. (1982) Pathogenesis of four-layered microgyric cortex in man. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 57, 93–98.
30. Levine DN, Fisher MA, Caviness VS. (1974) Porencephaly with microgyria: A pathologic study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 29, 99–113.
31. Marin-Padilla M. (1996) Developmental neuropathology and impact of perinatal brain damage. I: Hemorrhagic lesions of neocortex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55, 758–773.
32. Marin-Padilla M. (1997) Developmental neuropathology and impact of perinatal brain damage. II: white matter lesions of the neocortex. J. Neuropathol. Exp Neurol 56, 219–35.
33. Friede RL. (1975)Developmental Neuropathology. Springer-Verlag, New York.
34. Caviness VS, Jr. (1976) Patterns of cell and fiber distribution in the neocortex of the reeler mutant mouse. J Comp Neurol 170, 435–448.
35. Caviness VS, Jr., Yorke CH, Jr. (1976) Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the reeler mutant mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods. J Comp Neurol 170, 449–460.
36. Caviness VS, Jr. (1982) Neocortical histogenesis and reeler mice: A developmental study based upon [3H]thymidine autoradiography. Dev Brain Res 4, 293–302.
37. Caviness VS, Jr., Frost DO. (1983) Thalamocortical projections in the reeler mutant mouse. J Comp Neurol 219, 182–202.
38. Goffinet AM, So K-F, Yamamoto M, Edwards M, Caviness VS, Jr. (1984) Architectonic and hodological organization of the cerebellum in reeler mutant mice. Dev Brain Res 16, 263–276.
39. Frost DO, Edwards MA, Sachs GM, Caviness VS, Jr. (1986) Retinotectal projection in reeler mutant mice: relationships among axon trajectories, arborization patterns and cytoarchitecture. Dev Brain Res 28, 109–120.
40. D’Arcangelo, Miao G, Chen C, Soares H, Morgan I, Curran T. (1995) Protein related to extracellular -matrix proteins deleted—the mouse mutant reeler. Nature 374, 719–23.
41. D’Arcangelo G, Nakajima K, Miyata T, Ogawa M, Mikoshiba K, Curran T. (1997) Reelin is a secreted glycoprotein recognized by the CR-50 monoclonal antibody. J Neurosci 17, 23–31.
42. Sweet HO, Bronson RT, Johnson KR, Cook SA, Davisson MT. (1996) Scrambler, a new neurological mutation of the mouse with abnormalities of neuronal migration. Mamm Genome 7, 798–802.
43. Rice DS, Sheldon M, D'Arcangelo G, Nakajima K, Goldowitz D, Curran T. (1998) Disabled-1 acts downstream of Reelin in a signaling pathway that controls laminar organization in the mammalian brain. Development 125, 3719–29.
44. Ware ML, Fox JW, Gonzalez JL, Davis NM, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Russo CJ, Goffinet AM, Walsh CA. (1997) Aberrant splicing of a mouse disabler homolog, mdab 1, in the scrambler mouse. Neuron 19, 239–249.
45. Lee KS, Collins JL, Anzivino MJ, Frankel EA, Schottler F. (1998) Heterotopic neurogenesis in a rat with cortical heterotopia. J Neurosci 18, 9365–75.
46. Lee KS, Schottler F, Collins JL, Lanzino G, Couture D, Rao A, Hiramatsu K, Goto Y, Hong SC, Caner H, Yamamoto H, Chen ZF, Bertram E, Berr S, Omary R, Scrable H, Jackson T, Goble J, Eisenman L. (1997) A genetic animal model of human neocortical heterotopia associated with seizures. i>J Neurosci 17, 6236–42.
47. Singh SC. (1977) Ectopic neurones in the hippocampus of the postnatal rat exposed to methylazoxymethanol during foetal development. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 40, 111–116.
48. Johnston MV, Coyle JT. (1979) Histological and neurochemical effects of fetal treatment with methylazoxymethanol on rat neocortex in adulthood. Brain Res 170, 135–155.
49. Dambska M, Haddad R, Kozlowski PB, Lee MH, Shek J. (1982) Telencephalic cytoarchitectonics in the brains of rats with graded degrees of micrencephaly. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 58, 203–209.
50. Baraban SC, Schwartzkroin PA. (1996) Flurothyl seizure susceptibility in rats following prenatal methylazoxymethanol treatment. Epilepsy Res 23, 189–94.
51. Chevassus-au-Louis N, Ben-Ari Y, Vergnes M. (1998) Decreased seizure threshold and more rapid rate of kindling in rats with cortical malformation induced by prenatal treatment with methylazoxymethanol. Brain Res 812, 252–5.
52. Brunstrom JE, Gray-Swain MR, Osborne PA, Pearlman AL. (1997) Neuronal heterotopias in the developing cerebral cortex produced by neurotrophin-4. Neuron 18, 505–17.
53. Rosen GD, Sherman GF, Richman JM, Stone LV, Galaburda AM. (1992) Induction of molecular layer ectopias by puncture wounds in newborn rats and mice. Dev Brain Res 67, 285–291.
54. Schmidt S, Lent R. (1987) Effects of prenatal irradiation on the development of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum of the mouse. J Comp Neurol 264, 193–204.
55. Roper SN, Gilmore RL, Houser CR. (1995) Experimentally induced disorders of neuronal migration produce an increased propensity for electrographic seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res 21, 205–19.
56. Ferrer I, Santamaria J, Alcántara S, Zújar MJ, Cinós C. (1993) Neuronal ectopic masses induced by prenatal irradiation in the rat. Virchows Arch [A] 422, 1–6.
57. Dvorák K, Feit J. (1977) Migration of neuroblasts through partial necrosis of the cerebral cortex in newborn rats—contribution to the problems of morphological development and developmental period of cerebral microgyria. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 38, 203–212.
58. Dvorák K, Feit J, Juránková Z. (1978) Experimentally induced focal microgyria and status verrucosus deformis in rats—Pathogenesis and interrelation histological and autoradiographical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 44, 121–129.
59. Ferrer I, Alcántara S, Catala I, Zujar MJ. (1993) Experimentally induced laminar necrosis, status verrucosus, focal cortical dysplasia reminiscent of microgyria, and porencephaly in the rat. Exp Brain Res 94, 261–269.
60. Suzuki M, Choi BH. (1991) Repair and reconstruction of the cortical plate following closed cryogenic injury to the neonatal rat cerebrum. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82, 93–101.
61. Humphreys P, Rosen GD, Press DM, Sherman GF, Galaburda AM. (1991) Freezing lesions of the newborn rat brain: A model for cerebrocortical microgyria. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50, 145–160.
62. Rosen GD, Press DM, Sherman GF, Galaburda AM. (1992) The development of induced cerebrocortical microgyria in the rat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 51, 601–611.
63. Marret S, Mukendi R, Gadisseux J, Gressens P, Evrard P. (1995) Effect of ibotenate on brain development: An excitotoxic mouse model of microgyria and postthypoxic-like lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54, 358–370.
64. Innocenti GM, Berbel P. (1991) Analysis of an experimental cortical network: i) Architectonics of visual areas 17 and 18 after neonatal injections of ibotenic acid; similarities with human microgyria. J Neur Transplant 2, 1–28.
65. Jacobs KM, Hwang BJ, Prince DA. (1999) Focal epileptogenesis in a rat model of polymicrogyria. J Neurophysiol 81, 159–73.
66. Jacobs KM, Gutnick MJ, Prince DA. (1996) Hyperexcitability in a model of cortical maldevelopment. Cereb Cortex 6, 514–523.
67. Luhmann HJ, Raabe K. (1996) Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures. 1. Expression of epileptiform activity in an animal model. Epilepsy Res 26, 67–74.
68. Luhmann HJ, Raabe K, Qü M, Zilles K. (1998) Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures: extracellular in vitro recordings. Eur J Neurosci 10, 3085–94.
69. Fitch RH, Brown CP, Tallal P, Rosen GD. (1997) Effects of sex and MK-801 on auditory-processing deficits associated with developmental microgyric lesions in rats. Behav Neurosci 111, 404–412.
70. Fitch RH, Tallal P, Brown C, Galaburda AM, Rosen GD. (1994) Induced microgyria and auditory temporal processing in rats: A model for language impairment? Cereb Cortex 4, 260–270.
71. Leventer RJ, Phelan EM, Coleman LT, Kean MJ, Jackson GD, Harvey AS. (1999) Clinical and imaging features of cortical malformations in childhood. Neurology 53, 715–22.
72. Billette de Villemeur T, Chiron C, Robain O. (1992) Unlayered polymicrogyria and agenesis of the corpus callosum: A relevant association? J Neurosci 83, 265–70.
73. Robain O, Deonna T. (1983) Pachygyria and congenital nephrosis disorder of migration and neuronal orientation. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 60, 137–141.
74. Becker PS, Dixon AM, Troncoso JC. (1989) Bilateral opercular polymicrogyria. Ann Neurol 25, 90–2.
75. Larroche JC, Girard N, Narcy F, Fallet C. (1994) Abnormal cortical plate (polymicrogyria), heterotopias and brain damage in monozygous twins. Biol Neonate 65, 343–52.
76. Siejka S, Strefling AM, Urich H. (1989) Absence of septum pellucidum and polymicrogyria: a forme fruste of the porencephalic syndrome. Clin Neuropathol 8, 174–8.
77. Tominaga I, Kaihou M, Kimura T, Onaya M, Kashima H, Kato Y, Tamagawa K. (1996) Infection foetale par le cytomégalovirus. Porencéphalie avec polymicrogyrie chez un garçon de 15 ans. [Congenital cytomegalovirus infection with porencephaly and polymicrogyria in a 15-year-old boy.]. Rev Neurol 152, 479–482.
78. Sherman GF, Rosen GD, Stone LV, Press DM, Galaburda AM. (1992) The organization of radial glial fibers in spontaneous neocortical ectopias of newborn New-Zealand black mice. Dev Brain Res 67, 279–283.
79. Rosen GD, Sherman GF, Galaburda AM. (1996) Birthdates of neurons in induced microgyria. Brain Res 727, 71–78.
80. Rosen GD, Sigel EA, Sherman GF, Galaburda AM. (1995) The neuroprotective effects of MK-801 on the induction of microgyria by freezing injury to the newborn rat neocortex. Neuroscience 69, 107–114.
81. Zilles K, Qü M, Schleicher A, Luhmann HJ. (1998) Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures: quantitative receptor autoradiography of ionotropic glutamate, GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. Eur J Neurosci 10, 3095–106.
82. Gressens P, Marret S, Evrard P. (1996) Developmental spectrum of the excitotoxic cascade induced by ibotenate: a model of hypoxic insults in fetuses and neonates. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 22, 498–502